Is there regular expression (regex) support available to C#
developers?
Yes. The .NET class libraries provide support for regular expressions. Look at the documentation for the System.Text.RegularExpressions namespace.
Is there a way to force garbage collection?
Yes. Set all references to null and then call System.GC.Collect(). If you need to have some objects destructed, and System.GC.Collect() doesn't seem to be doing it for you, you can force finalizers to be run by setting all the references to the object to null and then calling System.GC.RunFinalizers().
Does C# support properties of array types?
Yes. Here's a simple example: using System;
class Class1
{
private string[] MyField;
public string[] MyProperty
{
get { return MyField; }
set { MyField = value; }
}
}
class MainClass
{
public static int Main(string[] args)
{
Class1 c = new Class1();
string[] arr = new string[] {"apple", "banana"};
c.MyProperty = arr;
Console.WriteLine(c.MyProperty[0]); // "apple"
return 0;
}
}
What connections does Microsoft SQL Server support?
Windows Authentication (via Active Directory) and SQL Server authentication (via Microsoft SQL Server username and passwords)
What is a satellite assembly?
When you write a multilingual or multi-cultural application in .NET, and want to distribute the core application separately from the localized modules, the localized assemblies that modify the core application are called satellite assemblies.
How is method overriding different from overloading?
When overriding, you change the method behavior for a derived class. Overloading simply involves having a method with the same name within the class.
When do you absolutely have to declare a class as abstract (as opposed to free-willed educated choice or decision based on UML diagram)?
When at least one of the methods in the class is abstract. When the class itself is inherited from an abstract class, but not all base abstract methods have been over-ridden.
Why would you use untrusted verification?
Web Services might use it, as well as non-Windows applications.
What is the implicit name of the parameter that gets passed into the class set method?
Value, and its datatype depends on whatever variable we are changing.
How do I register my code for use by classic COM clients?
Use the regasm.exe utility to generate a type library (if needed) and the necessary entries in the Windows Registry to make a class available to classic COM clients. Once a class is registered in the Windows Registry with regasm.exe, a COM client can use the class as though it were a COM class.
How do I do implement a trace and assert?
Use a conditional attribute on the method, as shown below:
class Debug
{
[conditional("TRACE")]
public void Trace(string s)
{
Console.WriteLine(s);
}
}
class MyClass
{
public static void Main()
{
Debug.Trace("hello");
}
}
In this example, the call to Debug.Trace() is made only if the preprocessor symbol TRACE is defined at the call site. You can define preprocessor symbols on the command line by using the /D switch. The restriction on conditional methods is that they must have void return type.
How do I create a multi language, multi file assembly?
Unfortunately, this is currently not supported in the IDE. To do this from the command line, you must compile your projects into netmodules (/target:module on the C# compiler), and then use the command line tool al.exe (alink) to link these netmodules together.
C# provides a default constructor for me. I write a constructor that takes a string as a parameter, but want to keep the no parameter one. How many constructors should I write?
Two. Once you write at least one constructor, C# cancels the freebie constructor, and now you have to write one yourself, even if there is no implementation in
What is the equivalent to regsvr32 and regsvr32 /u a file in .NET development?
Try using RegAsm.exe. The general syntax would be: RegAsm. A good description of RegAsm and its associated switches is located in the .NET SDK docs. Just search on "Assembly Registration Tool".Explain ACID rule of thumb for transactions.
Transaction must be Atomic (it is one unit of work and does not dependent on previous and following transactions), Consistent (data is either committed or roll back, no in-between case where something has been updated and something hasnot), Isolated (no transaction sees the intermediate results of the current transaction), Durable (the values persist if the data had been committed even if the system crashes right after).
Where is the output of TextWriterTraceListener redirected?
To the Console or a text file depending on the parameter passed to the constructor.
How do I create a multilanguage, single-file assembly?
This is currently not supported by Visual Studio .NET.
Why cannot you specify the accessibility modifier for methods inside the interface?
They all must be public. Therefore, to prevent you from getting the false impression that you have any freedom of choice, you are not allowed to specify any accessibility, it is public by default.
Is it possible to restrict the scope of a field/method of a class to the classes in the same namespace?
There is no way to restrict to a namespace. Namespaces are never units of protection. But if you're using assemblies, you can use the 'internal' access modifier to restrict access to only within the assembly.
Why do I get a syntax error when trying to declare a variable called checked?
The word checked is a keyword in C#.
Why are there five tracing levels in System.Diagnostics.TraceSwitcher?
The tracing dumps can be quite verbose and for some applications that are constantly running you run the risk of overloading the machine and the hard drive there. Five levels range from None to Verbose, allowing to fine-tune the tracing activities.
What is the syntax for calling an overloaded constructor within a constructor (this() and constructorname() does not compile)?
The syntax for calling another constructor is as follows:
class B
{
B(int i)
{ }
}
class C : B
{
C() : base(5) // call base constructor B(5)
{ }
C(int i) : this() // call C()
{ }
public static void Main() {}
}
Why do I get a "CS5001: does not have an entry point defined" error when compiling?
The most common problem is that you used a lowercase 'm' when defining the Main method. The correct way to implement the entry point is as follows:
class test
{
static void Main(string[] args) {}
}
What does the keyword virtual mean in the method definition?
The method can be over-ridden.
What optimizations does the C# compiler perform when you use the /optimize+ compiler option?
The following is a response from a developer on the C# compiler team:
We get rid of unused locals (i.e., locals that are never read, even if assigned).
We get rid of unreachable code.
We get rid of try-catch w/ an empty try.
We get rid of try-finally w/ an empty try (convert to normal code...).
We get rid of try-finally w/ an empty finally (convert to normal code...).
We optimize branches over branches:
gotoif A, lab1
goto lab2:
lab1:
turns into: gotoif !A, lab2
lab1:
We optimize branches to ret, branches to next instruction, and branches to branches.
How can I create a process that is running a supplied native executable (e.g., cmd.exe)?
The following code should run the executable and wait for it to exit before
continuing: using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
public class ProcessTest {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
Process p = Process.Start(args[0]);
p.WaitForExit();
Console.WriteLine(args[0] + " exited.");
}
}
Remember to add a reference to System.Diagnostics.dll when you compile.
What is the difference between the System.Array.CopyTo() and System.Array.Clone()?
The first one performs a deep copy of the array, the second one is shallow.
How do I declare inout arguments in C#?
The equivalent of inout in C# is ref. , as shown in the following
example: public void MyMethod (ref String str1, out String str2)
{
...
}
When calling the method, it would be called like this: String s1;
String s2;
s1 = "Hello";
MyMethod(ref s1, out s2);
Console.WriteLine(s1);
Console.WriteLine(s2);
Notice that you need to specify ref when declaring the function and calling it.
Is there a way of specifying which block or loop to break out of when working with nested loops?
The easiest way is to use goto: using System;
class BreakExample
{
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine("Pass {0}: ", i);
for( int j=0 ; j<100 ; j++ )
{
if ( j == 10) goto done;
Console.WriteLine("{0} ", j);
}
Console.WriteLine("This will not print");
}
done:
Console.WriteLine("Loops complete.");
}
}
What is the difference between const and static read-only?
The difference is that static read-only can be modified by the containing class, but const can never be modified and must be initialized to a compile time constant. To expand on the static read-only case a bit, the containing class can only modify it: -- in the variable declaration (through a variable initializer).
-- in the static constructor (instance constructors if it's not static).
What does the parameter Initial Catalog define inside Connection String?
The database name to connect to.
What is the difference between System.String and System.StringBuilder classes?
System.String is immutable; System.StringBuilder was designed with the purpose of having a mutable string where a variety of operations can be performed.
What is the top .NET class that everything is derived from?
System.Object.
Can you allow class to be inherited, but prevent the method from being over-ridden?
Yes, just leave the class public and make the method sealed
Can you change the value of a variable while debugging a C# application?
Yes, if you are debugging via Visual Studio.NET, just go to Immediate window.
Are private class-level variables inherited?
Yes, but they are not accessible, so looking at it you can honestly say that they are not inherited. But they are.
Can you inherit multiple interfaces?
Yes. .NET does support multiple interfaces.
From a versioning perspective, what are the drawbacks of extending an interface as opposed to extending a class?
With regard to versioning, interfaces are less flexible than classes. With a class, you can ship version 1 and then, in version 2, decide to add another method. As long as the method is not abstract (i.e., as long as you provide a default implementation of the method), any existing derived classes continue to function with no changes. Because interfaces do not support implementation inheritance, this same pattern does not hold for interfaces. Adding a method to an interface is like adding an abstract method to a base class--any class that implements the interface will break, because the class doesn't implement the new interface method.
Which one is trusted and which one is untrusted?
Windows Authentication is trusted because the username and password are checked with the Active Directory, the SQL Server authentication is untrusted, since SQL Server is the only verifier participating in the transaction
What namespaces are necessary to create a localized application?
System.Globalization, System.Resources.
Does Console.WriteLine() stop printing when it reaches a NULL character within a string?
Strings are not null terminated in the runtime, so embedded nulls are allowed. Console.WriteLine() and all similar methods continue until the end of the string.
What is the advantage of using System.Text.StringBuilder over System.String?
StringBuilder is more efficient in the cases, where a lot of manipulation is done to the text. Strings are immutable, so each time it is being operated on, a new instance is created.
What are advantages and disadvantages of Microsoft-provided data provider classes in ADO.NET?
SQLServer.NET data provider is high-speed and robust, but requires SQL Server license purchased from Microsoft. OLE-DB.NET is universal for accessing other sources, like Oracle, DB2, Microsoft Access and Informix, but it is a .NET layer on top of OLE layer, so not the fastest thing in the world. ODBC.NET is a deprecated layer provided for backward compatibility to ODBC engines.
Why do I get a security exception when I try to run my C# app?
Some security exceptions are thrown if you are working on a network share. There are some parts of the frameworks that will not run if being run off a share (roaming profile, mapped drives, etc.). To see if this is what's happening, just move the executable over to your local drive and see if it runs without the exceptions. One of the common exceptions thrown under these conditions is
System.Security.SecurityException.
To get around this, you can change your security policy for the intranet zone, code group 1.2, (the zone that running off shared folders falls into) by using the caspol.exe tool.
Is there any sample C# code for simple threading?
Some sample code follows: using System;
using System.Threading;
class ThreadTest
{
public void runme()
{
Console.WriteLine("Runme Called");
}
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
ThreadTest b = new ThreadTest();
Thread t = new Thread(new ThreadStart(b.runme));
t.Start();
}
}
What is the difference between // comments, /* */ comments and /// comments?
Single-line, multi-line and XML documentation comments.
What is the difference between and XML documentation tag?
Single line code example and multiple-line code example.
Explain the three services model (three-tier application). Presentation (UI), business (logic and underlying code) and data (from storage or other sources).
What are three test cases you should go through in unit testing? Positive test cases (correct data, correct output), negative test cases (broken or missing data, proper handling), exception test cases (exceptions are thrown and caught properly).
How do you inherit from a class in C#?
Place a colon and then the name of the base class. Notice that it is double colon in C++.
How do I port "synchronized" functions from Visual J++ to C#?
Original Visual J++ code: public synchronized void Run()
{
// function body
}
Ported C# code: class C
{
public void Run()
{
lock(this)
{
// function body
}
}
public static void Main() {}
}
Yes. The .NET class libraries provide support for regular expressions. Look at the documentation for the System.Text.RegularExpressions namespace.
Is there a way to force garbage collection?
Yes. Set all references to null and then call System.GC.Collect(). If you need to have some objects destructed, and System.GC.Collect() doesn't seem to be doing it for you, you can force finalizers to be run by setting all the references to the object to null and then calling System.GC.RunFinalizers().
Does C# support properties of array types?
Yes. Here's a simple example: using System;
class Class1
{
private string[] MyField;
public string[] MyProperty
{
get { return MyField; }
set { MyField = value; }
}
}
class MainClass
{
public static int Main(string[] args)
{
Class1 c = new Class1();
string[] arr = new string[] {"apple", "banana"};
c.MyProperty = arr;
Console.WriteLine(c.MyProperty[0]); // "apple"
return 0;
}
}
What connections does Microsoft SQL Server support?
Windows Authentication (via Active Directory) and SQL Server authentication (via Microsoft SQL Server username and passwords)
What is a satellite assembly?
When you write a multilingual or multi-cultural application in .NET, and want to distribute the core application separately from the localized modules, the localized assemblies that modify the core application are called satellite assemblies.
How is method overriding different from overloading?
When overriding, you change the method behavior for a derived class. Overloading simply involves having a method with the same name within the class.
When do you absolutely have to declare a class as abstract (as opposed to free-willed educated choice or decision based on UML diagram)?
When at least one of the methods in the class is abstract. When the class itself is inherited from an abstract class, but not all base abstract methods have been over-ridden.
Why would you use untrusted verification?
Web Services might use it, as well as non-Windows applications.
What is the implicit name of the parameter that gets passed into the class set method?
Value, and its datatype depends on whatever variable we are changing.
How do I register my code for use by classic COM clients?
Use the regasm.exe utility to generate a type library (if needed) and the necessary entries in the Windows Registry to make a class available to classic COM clients. Once a class is registered in the Windows Registry with regasm.exe, a COM client can use the class as though it were a COM class.
How do I do implement a trace and assert?
Use a conditional attribute on the method, as shown below:
class Debug
{
[conditional("TRACE")]
public void Trace(string s)
{
Console.WriteLine(s);
}
}
class MyClass
{
public static void Main()
{
Debug.Trace("hello");
}
}
In this example, the call to Debug.Trace() is made only if the preprocessor symbol TRACE is defined at the call site. You can define preprocessor symbols on the command line by using the /D switch. The restriction on conditional methods is that they must have void return type.
How do I create a multi language, multi file assembly?
Unfortunately, this is currently not supported in the IDE. To do this from the command line, you must compile your projects into netmodules (/target:module on the C# compiler), and then use the command line tool al.exe (alink) to link these netmodules together.
C# provides a default constructor for me. I write a constructor that takes a string as a parameter, but want to keep the no parameter one. How many constructors should I write?
Two. Once you write at least one constructor, C# cancels the freebie constructor, and now you have to write one yourself, even if there is no implementation in
What is the equivalent to regsvr32 and regsvr32 /u a file in .NET development?
Try using RegAsm.exe. The general syntax would be: RegAsm. A good description of RegAsm and its associated switches is located in the .NET SDK docs. Just search on "Assembly Registration Tool".Explain ACID rule of thumb for transactions.
Transaction must be Atomic (it is one unit of work and does not dependent on previous and following transactions), Consistent (data is either committed or roll back, no in-between case where something has been updated and something hasnot), Isolated (no transaction sees the intermediate results of the current transaction), Durable (the values persist if the data had been committed even if the system crashes right after).
Where is the output of TextWriterTraceListener redirected?
To the Console or a text file depending on the parameter passed to the constructor.
How do I create a multilanguage, single-file assembly?
This is currently not supported by Visual Studio .NET.
Why cannot you specify the accessibility modifier for methods inside the interface?
They all must be public. Therefore, to prevent you from getting the false impression that you have any freedom of choice, you are not allowed to specify any accessibility, it is public by default.
Is it possible to restrict the scope of a field/method of a class to the classes in the same namespace?
There is no way to restrict to a namespace. Namespaces are never units of protection. But if you're using assemblies, you can use the 'internal' access modifier to restrict access to only within the assembly.
Why do I get a syntax error when trying to declare a variable called checked?
The word checked is a keyword in C#.
Why are there five tracing levels in System.Diagnostics.TraceSwitcher?
The tracing dumps can be quite verbose and for some applications that are constantly running you run the risk of overloading the machine and the hard drive there. Five levels range from None to Verbose, allowing to fine-tune the tracing activities.
What is the syntax for calling an overloaded constructor within a constructor (this() and constructorname() does not compile)?
The syntax for calling another constructor is as follows:
class B
{
B(int i)
{ }
}
class C : B
{
C() : base(5) // call base constructor B(5)
{ }
C(int i) : this() // call C()
{ }
public static void Main() {}
}
Why do I get a "CS5001: does not have an entry point defined" error when compiling?
The most common problem is that you used a lowercase 'm' when defining the Main method. The correct way to implement the entry point is as follows:
class test
{
static void Main(string[] args) {}
}
What does the keyword virtual mean in the method definition?
The method can be over-ridden.
What optimizations does the C# compiler perform when you use the /optimize+ compiler option?
The following is a response from a developer on the C# compiler team:
We get rid of unused locals (i.e., locals that are never read, even if assigned).
We get rid of unreachable code.
We get rid of try-catch w/ an empty try.
We get rid of try-finally w/ an empty try (convert to normal code...).
We get rid of try-finally w/ an empty finally (convert to normal code...).
We optimize branches over branches:
gotoif A, lab1
goto lab2:
lab1:
turns into: gotoif !A, lab2
lab1:
We optimize branches to ret, branches to next instruction, and branches to branches.
How can I create a process that is running a supplied native executable (e.g., cmd.exe)?
The following code should run the executable and wait for it to exit before
continuing: using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
public class ProcessTest {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
Process p = Process.Start(args[0]);
p.WaitForExit();
Console.WriteLine(args[0] + " exited.");
}
}
Remember to add a reference to System.Diagnostics.dll when you compile.
What is the difference between the System.Array.CopyTo() and System.Array.Clone()?
The first one performs a deep copy of the array, the second one is shallow.
How do I declare inout arguments in C#?
The equivalent of inout in C# is ref. , as shown in the following
example: public void MyMethod (ref String str1, out String str2)
{
...
}
When calling the method, it would be called like this: String s1;
String s2;
s1 = "Hello";
MyMethod(ref s1, out s2);
Console.WriteLine(s1);
Console.WriteLine(s2);
Notice that you need to specify ref when declaring the function and calling it.
Is there a way of specifying which block or loop to break out of when working with nested loops?
The easiest way is to use goto: using System;
class BreakExample
{
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine("Pass {0}: ", i);
for( int j=0 ; j<100 ; j++ )
{
if ( j == 10) goto done;
Console.WriteLine("{0} ", j);
}
Console.WriteLine("This will not print");
}
done:
Console.WriteLine("Loops complete.");
}
}
What is the difference between const and static read-only?
The difference is that static read-only can be modified by the containing class, but const can never be modified and must be initialized to a compile time constant. To expand on the static read-only case a bit, the containing class can only modify it: -- in the variable declaration (through a variable initializer).
-- in the static constructor (instance constructors if it's not static).
What does the parameter Initial Catalog define inside Connection String?
The database name to connect to.
What is the difference between System.String and System.StringBuilder classes?
System.String is immutable; System.StringBuilder was designed with the purpose of having a mutable string where a variety of operations can be performed.
What is the top .NET class that everything is derived from?
System.Object.
Can you allow class to be inherited, but prevent the method from being over-ridden?
Yes, just leave the class public and make the method sealed
Can you change the value of a variable while debugging a C# application?
Yes, if you are debugging via Visual Studio.NET, just go to Immediate window.
Are private class-level variables inherited?
Yes, but they are not accessible, so looking at it you can honestly say that they are not inherited. But they are.
Can you inherit multiple interfaces?
Yes. .NET does support multiple interfaces.
From a versioning perspective, what are the drawbacks of extending an interface as opposed to extending a class?
With regard to versioning, interfaces are less flexible than classes. With a class, you can ship version 1 and then, in version 2, decide to add another method. As long as the method is not abstract (i.e., as long as you provide a default implementation of the method), any existing derived classes continue to function with no changes. Because interfaces do not support implementation inheritance, this same pattern does not hold for interfaces. Adding a method to an interface is like adding an abstract method to a base class--any class that implements the interface will break, because the class doesn't implement the new interface method.
Which one is trusted and which one is untrusted?
Windows Authentication is trusted because the username and password are checked with the Active Directory, the SQL Server authentication is untrusted, since SQL Server is the only verifier participating in the transaction
What namespaces are necessary to create a localized application?
System.Globalization, System.Resources.
Does Console.WriteLine() stop printing when it reaches a NULL character within a string?
Strings are not null terminated in the runtime, so embedded nulls are allowed. Console.WriteLine() and all similar methods continue until the end of the string.
What is the advantage of using System.Text.StringBuilder over System.String?
StringBuilder is more efficient in the cases, where a lot of manipulation is done to the text. Strings are immutable, so each time it is being operated on, a new instance is created.
What are advantages and disadvantages of Microsoft-provided data provider classes in ADO.NET?
SQLServer.NET data provider is high-speed and robust, but requires SQL Server license purchased from Microsoft. OLE-DB.NET is universal for accessing other sources, like Oracle, DB2, Microsoft Access and Informix, but it is a .NET layer on top of OLE layer, so not the fastest thing in the world. ODBC.NET is a deprecated layer provided for backward compatibility to ODBC engines.
Why do I get a security exception when I try to run my C# app?
Some security exceptions are thrown if you are working on a network share. There are some parts of the frameworks that will not run if being run off a share (roaming profile, mapped drives, etc.). To see if this is what's happening, just move the executable over to your local drive and see if it runs without the exceptions. One of the common exceptions thrown under these conditions is
System.Security.SecurityException.
To get around this, you can change your security policy for the intranet zone, code group 1.2, (the zone that running off shared folders falls into) by using the caspol.exe tool.
Is there any sample C# code for simple threading?
Some sample code follows: using System;
using System.Threading;
class ThreadTest
{
public void runme()
{
Console.WriteLine("Runme Called");
}
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
ThreadTest b = new ThreadTest();
Thread t = new Thread(new ThreadStart(b.runme));
t.Start();
}
}
What is the difference between // comments, /* */ comments and /// comments?
Single-line, multi-line and XML documentation comments.
What is the difference between and XML documentation tag?
Single line code example and multiple-line code example.
Explain the three services model (three-tier application). Presentation (UI), business (logic and underlying code) and data (from storage or other sources).
What are three test cases you should go through in unit testing? Positive test cases (correct data, correct output), negative test cases (broken or missing data, proper handling), exception test cases (exceptions are thrown and caught properly).
How do you inherit from a class in C#?
Place a colon and then the name of the base class. Notice that it is double colon in C++.
How do I port "synchronized" functions from Visual J++ to C#?
Original Visual J++ code: public synchronized void Run()
{
// function body
}
Ported C# code: class C
{
public void Run()
{
lock(this)
{
// function body
}
}
public static void Main() {}
}